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Madagascar - Animals in the Habitats and the Fossil sites, and Biodiversity
Madagascar was connected with India throughtout much of the Mesozoic. The prehistoric animals in Madagascar is distinct from what has been found in Africa. The explanation in brackets is the ages they lived in extinct species. Note that Mya is million years ago. For example, "48.6～40.4 Mya" shows a range between 48.6 and 40.4 million years ago. The time range is shown in the Geological Time Table. The followings are a part of the Evolutionary Tree.
Madagascar
prehistoric age | |
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Madagascar
extinct species
Paleozoic |
 | Primitive reptile |
Coelurosauravus (258～251 Mya; Wing-like glider) | | Marine reptile |
Thadeosaurus (254～251 Mya),
Hovasaurus (251～249.7 Mya) | | Primitive mollusc |
Hyolithes (530～253.8 Mya; Great Dying①②) |  | Ammonite |
Cyclolobus (258～251 Mya) |
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Madagascar
extinct species
Mesozoic |
 | Primitive crocodile |
Araripesuchus (125～65.5 Mya),
Mahajangasuchus (70.6～65.5 Mya),
Simosuchus (70.6～65.5 Mya; Pug-nosedCroco) |  | Amored dino |
Stegosaurus (155.7～99.6 Mya; Large plates on back) |  | Long-necked dino |
Bothriospondylus (155.7～150.8 Mya),
Bruhathkayosaurus (78～74 Mya; ４４m),
Rapetosaurus (70.6～65.5 Mya) |  | Predatory dino |
Masiakasaurus (70.6～65.5 Mya),
Majungasaurus (70.6～65.5 Mya) |  | Bird's relative dino |
Rahonavis (70.6～65.5 Mya) |  | Frog |
Triadobatrachus (251～249.7 Mya),
Beelzebufo (70.6～65.5 Mya; ４０cm) |  | Lobe-finned fish |
Axelrodichthys (89.3～83.5 Mya) | | Ammonite |
Desmoceras (130～112 Mya),
Heteroceras (130～70.6 Mya),
Tropaeum (125～99.6 Mya) |
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Madagascar
extinct species
Cenozoic |
 | Lemur |
Archaeoindris (2 Mya～0s),
Archaeolemur (2 Mya～1280) |  | Shark |
Carcharodon megalodon (23.03～3 Mya; ２０m) |
Madagascar lies in the Indian Ocean off the southeast coast of Africa. The world's fourth-largest island. The island is home to numerous endemic species. A typical endemic is Lemur. Madagascar is one of Biodiversity hotspots in the world. The following shows the distribution of animals in Madagascar.
| Madagascar | |
|
Madagascar
regionally extinct
in historic age |
| Lemur |
Large Sloth Lemur' (2 Mya～1658),
Koala lemurs' (2 Mya～0s),
Pachylemur (？～1280),
Giant Aye-aye (？～1000s) |  | Even-toed ungulate |
Malagasy Pygmy Hippopotamus (？～1000s),
Malagasy Dwarf Hippopotamus (22.4 Mya～1000s),
Lesser Madagascar Hippopotamus(？～1000s),
Madagascan Pygmy Hippopotamus(？～1000s) |  | Carnivora |
Giant fossa (？～1568) |  | Turtle |
Madagacan giant tortoise,
Madagacan tortoise |  | Raptor |
Malagasy Crowned Eagle (？～1000s) |  | bird |
Great Elephant Bird (2 Mya～1840; ３m),
Alaotra Grebe (？～1985),
Delalande's Coua (？～1834) |
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Madagascar
extant species |
 | Tenrec |
Large-eared Tenrec ,
Web-footed Tenrec ,
Madagascar's shrew tenrecs' ,
Rice tenrec' ,
Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec ,
Streaked Tenrec' ,
Greater Hedgehog Tenrec ,
Common Tenrec | | Lemur |
Fat-tailed Dwarf Lemur ,
Southern Fat-tailed Dwarf Lemur ,
Greater Dwarf Lemur ,
Furry-eared Dwarf Lemur ,
Lesser Iron-gray Dwarf Lemur,
Greater Iron-gray Dwarf Lemur ,
Sibree's Dwarf Lemur ,
Gray Mouse Lemur ,
Reddish-gray Mouse Lemur ,
Golden-brown Mouse Lemur ,
Northern Rufous Mouse Lemur ,
Sambirano Mouse Lemur ,
Simmons' Mouse Lemur ,
Pygmy Mouse Lemur ,
Brown Mouse Lemur … total 96 species |  | Mole |
Madagascan Pygmy Shrew |  | Megabat |
Madagascan Fruit Bat ,
Madagascar Rousette ,
Madagascan Flying Fox | | Carnivora |
Fossa ,
Falanouc ,
Malagasy Civet (Stripe),
Ring-tailed Mongoose ,
Broad-striped Mongoose (Stripe),
Giant-striped Mongoose (Stripe),
Narrow-striped Mongoose (Stripe),
Brown-tailed Mongoose |  | Chameleon |
Madagascar's Chameleon' ,
Madagascar's Chameleon' ,
Leaf Chameleon' | | Crocodile |
Nile Crocodile |  | Stork |
Yellow-billed Stork ,
African Openbill Stork |  | Ibis |
Sacred Ibis ,
Madagascar Sacred Ibis ,
Glossy Ibis ,
Madagascar Crested Ibis ,
African Spoonbill | | Raptor |
Madagascar Serpent-eagle ,
Madagascar Fish-eagle |  | Rail |
Slender-billed Flufftail ,
Sakalava Rail |  | Pelican |
Pink-backed Pelican |  | Flamingo |
Lesser Flamingo ,
American Flamingo |  | Parrot |
Greater Vasa Parrot ,
Lesser Vasa Parrot ,
Madagascar Lovebird | | endemic bird |
Madagascar Partridge ,
Madagascar Snipe ,
Madagascar Jacana ,
Madagascar Buttonquail ,
Black-banded Plover ,
Madagascar Grebe ,
Banded Kestrel ,
Madagascar Baza ,
Madagascar Buzzard ,
Henst's Goshawk ,
Madagascar Sparrowhawk ,
Madagascar Flufftail ,
Kioloides Rail ,
Madagascar Rail ,
White-breasted Mesite … total 18 endemic species | | bird (CR) |
Madagascar Pochard | | bird (EN) |
Meller's Duck ,
Bernier's Teal ,
Madagascar Pond Heron ,
Madagascar Heron ,
Van Dam's Vanga ,
Amber Mountain Rock-thrush |  | tree |
Song of India ,
Grandidier's Baobab ,
Madagascar Baobab ,
Perrier's Baobab ,
Fony Baobab ,
Suarez Baobab ,
Za Baobab |
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Madagascar
marine extant
species |
 | Whale |
Southern Right Whale ,
Fin Whale (２７m),
Blue Whale (３３m),
Eden's Whale ,
Humpback Whale ,
Dwarf Sperm Whale ,
Pygmy Sperm Whale ,
Hector's Beaked Whale ,
True's Beaked Whale ,
Gray's Beaked Whale ,
Layard's Beaked Whale ,
Blainville's Beaked Whale |  | Dolphin |
Rough-toothed Dolphin ,
Pacific Humpback Dolphin ,
Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphin ,
Pantropical Spotted Dolphin ,
Spinner Dolphin ,
Long-beaked Common Dolphin ,
Fraser's Dolphin ,
Pygmy Killer Whale ,
Orca |  | Marine mammal |
Subantarctic Fur Seal | | Turtle |
Loggerhead Sea Turtle ,
Green turtle ,
Hawksbill turtle ,
Olive Ridley |  | Frigatebird |
Great Frigatebird ,
Lesser Frigatebird |  | Albatross |
Wandering Albatross ,
Shy Albatross ,
Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross ,
Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross ,
Sooty Albatross | | Coelacanth |
Comorese coelacanth (410 Mya～; Great Dying②③④⑤) |  | Ray |
Manta ray | | Shark |
Whale shark (１２m),
Great hammerhead ,
Great white shark ,
Shortfin mako ,
Longfin mako |  | Marlin |
Indo-Pacific sailfish ,
Black Marlin ,
Striped Marlin |  | Tuna |
Southern bluefin tuna |
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Madagascar
small extant
species |
 | Mouse (EN) |
White-tipped Tufted-tailed Rat,
Malagasy giant rat ,
Greater big-footed mouse,
Eastern Voalavo | | Turtle (CR) |
Radiated Tortoise ,
Angonoka ,
Madagascar Big-headed Turtle | | Frog (CR) |
(Boophis williamsi) ,
Tulear Golden Frog (Yellow),
Orange-colored Golden Frog (Yellow),
Black Golden Frog ,
Black-eared Golden Frog (Red),
(Mantidactylus pauliani) ,
(Cophyla berara) ,
(Stumpffia helenae) | | Frog (EN) |
(Boophis tampoka) ,
(Aglyptodactylus laticeps) ,
Eastern Golden Frog (Yellow),
Green Golden Frog (Yellow),
Tolongoina Golden Frog ,
(Mantidactylus brunae) ,
(Mantidactylus corvus) ,
(Mantidactylus guibei) ,
(Mantidactylus horridus),
(Mantidactylus madecassus) ,
(Mantidactylus microtis),
(Mantidactylus microtympanum),
(Mantidactylus silvanus) ,
(Mantidactylus webbi) ,
(Anodonthyla rouxae) ,
(Madecassophryne truebae),
(Platypelis alticola),
(Platypelis mavomavo) ,
(Platypelis milloti) ,
(Platypelis tetra) ,
(Plethodontohyla brevipes) ,
(Plethodontohyla guentherpetersi),
(Scaphiophryne gottlebei) ,
(Scaphiophryne boribory) |  | Swallowtail
butterfly |
Grose-Smith's Swallowtail ,
Mangoura swallowtail ,
Madagascan Emperor ,
Madagascar Giant Swallowtail |
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