Evolutionary Tree of Plants

Note that Mya is million years ago. For example, "48.6～40.4 Mya" shows a range between 48.6 and 40.4 million years ago. The time range and the epoch are shown in the Geological Time Table.

Phylogenetic Tree of Plants

Kingdom Plantae
- Phylum Chlorophyta (Green algae)
  - Class Chlorophyceae
    - Order Chaetopeltidales
    - Order Chaetophorales
    - Order Chlorococcales (Phytoplankton)
    - Order Oedogoniales
    - Order Phaeophilales
    - Order Sphaeropleales
    - Order Tetrasporales
    - Order Volvocales (Phytoplankton)
  - Class Trebouxiophyceae
    - Order Chlorellales
    - Order Prasiolales
  - Class Ulvophyceae
    - Order Cladophorales
    - Order Dasycladales
    - Order Trentepohliales
    - Order Ulotrichales (Phytoplankton)
    - Order Ulvales
  - Class Prasinophyceae
    - Order Chlorodendrales (Phytoplankton)
    - Order Mamiellales (Phytoplankton)
    - Order Pseudoscourfieldiales (Phytoplankton)
  - Class Bryopsidophyceae
    - Order Bryopsidales
- Phylum Charophyta
  - Class Mesostigmatophyceae
    - Order Mesostigmatales
  - Class Chlorarachniophyceae
    - Order Chlorokybales
  - Class Zygnematophyceae
    - Order Zygnematales
    - Order Desmidiales
  - Class Charophyceae
    - Order Charales
- Subkingdom Embryophyte (Land plants)
  - Phylum Marchantiophyta (Liverworts)
    - Class Haplomitriopsida
      - Order Haplomitriales (Calobryales)
      - Order Treubiales
    - Class Jungermanniopsida
      - Order Metzgeriales (Simple thalloids)
      - Order Jungermanniales (Leafy liverworts)
    - Class Marchantiopsida
      - Order Blasiales
      - Order Sphaerocarpales (Bottle liverworts)
      - Order Marchantiales (Complex thalloids)
  - Phylum Anthocerotophyta (Hornworts)
    - Class Anthocerotopsida
      - Order Anthocerotales
      - Order Dendrocerotales
      - Order Notothyladales
  - Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses)
    - Class Takakiopsida
      - Order Takakiales
    - Class Sphagnopsida
      - Order Sphagnales
      - Order Ambuchananiales
    - Class Andreaeopsida
      - Order Andreaeaceae
    - Class Andreaeobryopsida
      - Order Andreaeobryales
    - Class Oedipodiopsida
      - Order Oedipodiales
    - Class Polytrichopsida
      - Order Polytrichales
    - Class Tetraphidopsida
      - Order Tetraphidales
    - Class Bryopsida
      - Subclass Bryidae
        
        Order Orthotrichales
        Order Bryales
        Order Hypnales
      - Subclass Buxbaumiidae
        
        Order Buxbaumiales
      - Subclass Dicranidae
        
        Order Archidiales
        Order Dicranales
        Order Grimmiales
        Order Pottiales
        Order Seligeriales
      - Subclass Diphysciidae
        
        Order Diphysciales
      - Subclass Funariidae
        
        Order Encalyptales
        Order Funariales
      - Subclass Timmiidae
        
        Order Timmiales
  - Clade Tracheophytes (Vascular plant)
    - Phylum Rhyniophyta
      - Class Rhyniopsida
        
        Order Rhyniales
    - Phylum Lycopodiophyta
      - Class Zosterophyllopsida
      - Class Lycopodiopsida (Clubmosses)
        
        Order Drepanophycales
        Order Lycopodiales
      - Class Isoetopsida (Spikemosses, Quillworts, Scale trees)
        
        Order Lepidodendrales (388.1～216.5 Mya)
        Order Isoetales (Quillworts; 171.6 Mya～)
        Order Selaginellales (Spikemosses; 318.1 Mya～)
    - Phylum Pteridophyta (Fern)
      - Class Psilotopsida
        
        Order Ophioglossales
        Order Psilotales (Fern-like plants)
      - Class Equisetopsida
        
        Order Equisetales (Horsetails; 360.7 Mya～)
      - Class Marattiopsida
        
        Order Marattiales (391.9 Mya～)
      - Class Pteridopsida
        
        Order Osmundales (Flowering ferns; 237 Mya～)
        Order Hymenophyllales (Filmy ferns)
        Order Gleicheniales (251 Mya～)
        Order Schizaeales (183 Mya～)
        Order Salviniales (Water ferns; 99.6 Mya～)
        Order Cyatheales (Tree fern; 228 Mya～)
        Order Polypodiales (388.1 Mya～)
        Order Blechnales (237 Mya～)
    - Phylum Progymnospermophyta
      - Class Progymnospermopsida
        
        Order Archaeopteridales
    - Clade Spermatophyte (Seed plants)
      - Phylum Gymnosperms
        
        Subphylum Pteridospermatophyta (Seed ferns)
        
        Order Callistophytales (360.7～260.5 Mya)
        Order Glossopteridales (279.5～260.5 Mya)
        Order Caytoniales (237～99.6 Mya)
        
        Class Lyginopteridopsida
        
        Order Lyginopteridales (388.1～70.6 Mya)
        
        Subphylum Pinophyta (Conifers)
        
        Class Pinopsida (Conifers; 383.7 Mya～)
        
        Order Cordaitales (307.1～245 Mya)
        Order Voltziales (279.5～203.6 Mya)
        Order Pinales (360.7 Mya～)
        
        Subphylum Cycadophyta (Cycads)
        
        Class Spermatopsida
        
        Order Bennettitales (302～37.2 Mya)
        Order Caytoniales (237～99.6 Mya)
        
        Class Cycadopsida (302 Mya～)
        
        Order Cycadales (268 Mya～)
        
        Subphylum Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo)
        
        Class Ginkgoopsida (383.7 Mya～)
        
        Order Peltaspermales (360.7～99.6 Mya)
        Order Ginkgoales (251 Mya～)
        
        Subphylum Gnetophyta (Gnetae)
        
        Class Gnetopsida
        
        Order Gnetales
        Order Welwitschiales
        Order Ephedrales
      - Phylum Angiospermae (Flowering plants; 161.2 Mya～)
        
        Order Amborellales
        Order Nymphaeales (65.5 Mya～)
        Order Austrobaileyales
        
        Subphylum Mesangiospermae
        
        Order Ceratophyllaceae
        Order Chloranthaceae
        
        Class Magnoliidae (145.5 Mya～)
        
        Order Canellales
        Order Laurales (145.5 Mya～)
        Order Magnoliales (140.2 Mya～)
        Order Piperales
        
        Class Monocotyledoneae (monocots)
        
        Order Acorales
        Order Alismatales (130 Mya～)
        Order Asparagales
        Order Dioscoreales (99.6 Mya～)
        Order Liliales
        Order Pandanales
        Order Petrosaviales
        
        Subclass Commelinids
        
        Order Arecales (83.5～0 mya)
        Order Commelinales
        Order Poales
        Order Zingiberales (70.6 Mya～)
        
        Class Eudicotyledoneae (eudicots; 112 Mya～)
        
        Order Ranunculales (112 Mya～)
        Order Proteales (112 Mya～)
        Order Gunnerales
        Order Caryophyllales (55.4 Mya～)
        Order Santalales
        Order Saxifragales
        
        Subclass Rosids
        
        Order Crossosomatales
        Order Geraniales (48.6 Mya～)
        Order Myrtales (83.5 Mya～)
        Infoclass Eurosids I
        
        Order Celastrales (70.6 Mya～)
        Order Malpighiales
        Order Oxalidales
        Order Fabales (99.6 Mya～)
        Order Rosales (112 Mya～)
        Order Cucurbitales
        Order Fagales (112 Mya～)
        
        Infoclass Eurosids II
        
        Order Brassicales
        Order Malvales (125 Mya～)
        Order Sapindales (89.3 Mya～)
        
        Subclass Asterids
        
        Order Cornales (65 Mya～)
        Order Ericales (99.6 Mya～)
        Infoclass Euasterids I
        
        Order Garryales
        Order Solanales (28.4 Mya～)
        Order Gentianales (55.4 Mya～)
        Order Lamiales (40.4 Mya～)
        
        Infoclass Euasterids II
        
        Order Aquifoliales
        Order Apiales (112 Mya～)
        Order Dipsacales (89.3 Mya～)
        Order Asterales (70.6 Mya～)